KESENJANGAN UPAH ANTAR JENDER DI INDONESIA: GLASS CEILING ATAU STICKY FLOOR? (GENDER WAGE GAP IN INDONESIA: GLASS CEILING OR STICKY FLOOR?)

Hennigusnia Hennigusnia

Abstract


This study looked the gender wage gap in Indonesia from 2008-2012. In addition to looking at the wage gap average level, the study also looked at the wagegap at different quantile of the wage distribution, so it can be known whether the wage gap widened at the top of the wage distribution (indicative of glass ceilings) or widened at the bottom of the wage distribution (sticky floors). This study used data Sakernas 2008-2012 to estimate the wage equation of men and women using OLS standard. Then, the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method (1973) is used to determine the magnitude of the gender wage gap based on gender that caused by the characteristics factors (explained effect) and the discrimination factor (unexplained effects). As for determining the gender wage gap in different quantile of the wagedistribution using quantile regression and applying decomposition Machado Mata (2005). This study found that the gender wage gap was still dominated by factors that can not be explained (Unexplained) and was indicated as discrimination, both at the average level and in each quantile of the wage distribution. This study also found evidence of sticky floor in Indonesia.

Keywords


Wage decomposition, Wage Diskrimination; Quantile regressions; Glass ceiling; sticky floor

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adireksombat, K., Fang, Z., & Sakellariou, C. 2010. The Evolution of Gender Wage Differentials and Discrimination in Thailand: 1991-2007{An Application of Unconditional Quantile Regression}. MPRA Paper No. 27516.

Albrecht, J., A. van Vuuren and S. Vroman. 2004. Decomposing the Gender Wage Gap in the Netherlands with Sample Selection

Adjustments. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper.

Arulampalam, W., Booth, A. L., & Bryan, M. L. 2006. Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Wage Gap Across the Wages Distribution. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol.60(2), 161-186. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011. Pedoman Umum Pelaksanaan Survei Khusus Angkatan Kerja Tahun 2012. Jakarta.

Becker, Gary S. 1985. Human Capital, Effort, and The Sexual Division of Labor. Journal of Labor: Trends in Womens Work, Education, and Family Building Economics, Vol. 3, Issue I

Part 2 (January, 1985). The University of Chicago Press.

Blinder, A. 1973. Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates. Journal of Human Resources,Vol. 8(4), 436-455.

Buchinsky, Moshe. 1998. Recent Advances in Quantile Regression Models. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 33(1), 88126. Chi, Wei & Li, Bo. 2007. Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Examining the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution in Urban China, 1987-

Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 36, 243263.

Christofides, L. N., Polycarpou, A., & Vrachimis, K. 2010. The Gender Wage Gaps, 'Sticky Floors' and 'Glass Ceilings' of the European Union. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 5044.

Cotton, J. 1988. On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 70, 236243.

de la Rica, S., Dolado, J. J., & Llorens, V. 2005. Ceiling and Floors: Gender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain. IZADiscussion Paper, No.

Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)

DiNardo, J., Fortin N. M., & Lemieux T. 1996. Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach. Econometrica Vol. 64(5), 1001-

Feridhanusetyawan et al. 2001. The male-female wage differentials in Indonesia. Centre for Strategic International Studies Working Paper Series. 14 Juli, 2013. http://aldinosuprima.blog.uns.ac.id/files/2010/06/the-male-female-wage-differentials-inindonesia.pdf.

Firpo S., Fortin N. M., and Lemieux T. 2007. Decomposing Wage Distributions using Recentered Influence Functions Regressions.

Mimeo, University of British Columbia. Goldin, C., & Polachek, S. 1987. Residual differences by sex: Perspectives on the gender gap in earnings. In American Economic Review, Vol. 77(2), 143-151.

Gunewardena, D., Abeyrathna, D., Ellagala, A., Rajakaruna, K., & Rajendran S. March 2008. Glass Ceilings, Sticky Floors or Sticky Doors? A Quantile Regression Approach to Exploring Gender Wage Gaps in Sri Lanka. PMMA Working Paper, No. 2008-04 Available at

SSRN. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1124158 or

http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1124158 International Labour

Organization. 2013. Perempuan dan Kepemimpinan. Jakarta, Indonesia. International Labour Organization. 2012. Labour and

social trends in Indonesia 2011: Promoting job-rich growth in provinces. Jakarta, Indonesia.

Jacobsen, Joyce P. 1994. The Economic of Gender. Massachusets, Blackwell.

Jann, B. 2008. A STATA implementation of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. ETH Zurich Sociology Working paper No.5.

http://repec.ethz.ch/rsc/ets/wpaper/jann_oaxaca.pdf

Kee, H. J. 2005. Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Exploring the Australian Gender Pay Gap Using Quantile Regression and Counterfactual Decomposition Methods. Discussion Paper, No. 487.

Khanna, S. 2012. Gender wage discrimination in India: Glass ceiling or sticky floor?. Working Paper of Delhi School of Economics, No. 214.

Koenker, R. and G. Bassett. 1978. Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, Vol.46(1), 33-50.

Machado, J., & Mata J. 2005. Counterfactual Decomposition of Changes in Wage Distributions Using Quantile Regression Models. Journal of Applied Econometrics, No. 20, 445-465.

Neumark, D. 1988. Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination. The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 23, pp. 279295. http://pta.trunojoyo.ac.id/uploads/journals/090231100073/090231100073.pdf

Oaxaca, R.L. 1973. Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. In International Economic Review, Vol. 13(3), 693-709.

Oaxaca, R. L., & M. R. Ransom. 1994. On discrimination and the decomposition of wage differentials. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 61, 521.

Oaxaca, R. L., & M. Ransom. 1998. Calculation of approximate variances for wage decomposition differentials. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, Vol. 24, 5561.

Pirmana, Viktor. 2006. Earnings Differential Between Male-Female In Indonesia: Evidence From Sakernas Data. Working Paper in Economics and Development Studies, No.200608.

Reimers, C. W. 1983. Labor Market Discrimination Against Hispanic and Black Men. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 65, 570579.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v9i2.37

Copyright (c) 2016 Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Widya Graha Building, 7th and 10th floors
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta Selatan, Telp (021) 5221687
Website: http:/kependudukan.lipi.go.id;
E-Journal: http://ejurnal.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
Pustaka: http://pustaka.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------