STALLED FERTILITY DECLINE IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA, 2002-2017: UNDERSTANDING ITS DETERMINANTS
Abstract
Indonesia is one of the countries that has been relatively successful in completing a fertility transition. However, provincial differences in fertility still exist, with East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur – NTT) having the highest Total Fertility Rate in 2017 (TFR, 3.4 births per woman). By employing a document analysis method, this study explores the indirect and direct determinants of the stalled fertility decline in NTT. It is revealed that all indirect determinants of fertility –culture, socioeconomics, and governance– have shaped women's persistent fertility behaviour in NTT. Meanwhile, among three direct determinants of fertility –marriage, contraception, and postpartum infecundability–, contraception is the only determinant that has been responsible for the stall of fertility transition in this province. These findings suggest that to foster the fertility decline in NTT, the government plays an essential role in boosting the provision of contraception, information and education, and providing incentives for having fewer children.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J., McDonald, P., & Hosseini-Chavoshi, M. (2009). The fertility transition in Iran: Revolution and reproduction (1st ed.). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-90-481-3198-3
Atieno, F. F. (2012). Proximate determinants of fertility: A comparative study of Western and Central provinces, Kenya [Masters Thesis, University of Nairobi]. University of Nairobi Research Archive. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11391
Birdsall, N., & Sinding, S. W. (2001). How and why population matters: New findings, new issues. In N. Birdsall, A. C. Kelley, & S. W. Sinding (Eds.), Population matters: Demographic change, economic growth, and poverty in the developing world (pp. 3-23). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199244073.003.0001
BKKBN, Statistics Indonesia, Ministry of Health (Kemenkes), & ICF. (2018). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017.
Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analysing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review, 4(1), 105-132. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1972149
Bongaarts, J. (1982). The fertility-inhibiting effects of the intermediate fertility variables. Studies in Family Planning, 13(6/7), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.2307/1965445
Bongaarts, J., & Sobotka, T. (2012). A demographic explanation for the recent rise in European fertility. Population and Development Review, 38(1), 83–120. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857358
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Bria, E. I. (2014). Hubungan peran tenaga kesehatan dalam memberikan konseling KB dengan penggunaan alat kontrasepsi pada wanita pasangan usia subur di Puskesmas Rafae, Kabupaten Belu, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Keperawatan Fakultas Keperawatan, 2, 1-9. http://www.journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-pmnjabc42a0634full.docx
Cammack, M., & Heaton, T. B. (2001). Regional variation in acceptance of Indonesia's family planning program. Population Research and Policy Review, 20(6), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015659123964
Casterline, J. B. (2001). Diffusion processes and fertility transition: Introduction. In Diffusion processes and fertility transition: Selected perspectives (pp. 1–38). National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223862/
Easterlin, R. A. (1975). An economic framework for fertility analysis. Studies in Family Planning, 6(3), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/1964934
Ezeh, A. C., Mberu, B. U., & Emina, J. O. (2009). Stall in fertility decline in Eastern African countries: Regional analysis of patterns, determinants and implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1532), 2991-3007. 10.1098/rstb.2009.0166
Fillaili, R., & Mawardi, S. (2006). The practice of belis tradition in NTT society. In L. Hadiz (Ed.), SMERU Newsletter No. 20: Oct-Dec. The SMERU Research Institute. http://www.smeru.or.id/sites/default/files/publication/news20.pdf
Gietel-Basten, S. (2018). Fertility decline. In Z. Zhao & A. C. Hayes (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Asian Demography (pp. 64-86). Routledge.
Hull, T. H. (1987). Fertility decline in Indonesia: An institutionalist interpretation. International Family Planning Perspectives, 13(3), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/2947904
Hull, T. H., Raharto, A., Handayani, T., Setiawan, B., & Noveria, M. (1999). Family planning and family decision-making in Nusa Tenggara Timur. Center for Population and Manpower Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Hull, T. H. (2007). Formative years of family planning in Indonesia. In W. C. Robinson & J. A. Ross (Eds.), The global family planning revolution: Three decades of population policies and programs (pp. 235-256). The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6788
Hull, T. H., & Hartanto, W. (2009). Resolving contradictions in Indonesian fertility estimates. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 45(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074910902836197
Hull, T. H., & Mosley, W. H. (2009). Revitalisation of Family Planning in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia and the United Nations Population Fund. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265396314_Revitalization_of_Family_Planning_in_Indonesia
Jatmiko, Y. A., & Wahyuni, S. (2019). Determinan fertilitas di Indonesia hasil SDKI 2017. Euclid, 6(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.33603/e.v6i1.1516
Koten, P. P. (2015). The social context of Lamaholots' fertility desires [Doctor of Philosophy, Monash University]. https://au-east.erc.monash.edu.au/fpfiles/16418465/4719787_monash_165989.pdf
Kreider, A., Shapiro, D., Varner, C., & Sinha, M. (2009, September 27 – October 2). Socio-economic progress and fertility transition in the developing world: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys [Paper presentation]. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population International Population Conference, Marrakesh, Morocco.
Kumar, S. (2016). The Causes of Indonesia's late fertility transition stall [Masters Thesis, Cornell University]. eCommons. https://doi.org/10.7298/X4FQ9TJ2
Kurniawan, R. (2019). Determinants of the dowry: Finding from IFLS Eastern Indonesia. Jurnal DINAMIKA Ekonomi Pembangunan, 2(2), 71–79. https://logovcelebes.id/publikasi/artikel/item/65-determinants-of-the-dowry-finding-from-ifls-eastern-indonesia
Majumder, N., & Ram, F. (2015). Explaining the role of proximate determinants on fertility decline among poor and non-poor in Asian countries. PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0115441. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115441
McDonald, P. (2000). Gender equity in theories of fertility transition. Population and Development Review, 26(3), 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00427.x
McDonald, P., & Moyle, H. (2010). Why do English-speaking countries have relatively high fertility? Journal of Population Research, 27(4), 247-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-010-9043-0
Murigi, M. N. (2016). Socio-economic and Demographic Determinants of Fertility in North Eastern Kenya [Masters Thesis, University of Nairobi]. Erepository. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/98794/Murigi_Socioeconomic%20and%20Demographic%20Determinants%20of%20Fertility%20in%20North%20Eastern%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Oktriyanto, O. (2016). Penyelenggaraan pelayanan Keluarga Berencana dalam Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 9(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2016.9.2.77
Permana, I. B., & Westoff, C. F. (1999). The two-child norm in Indonesia. DHS Further Analysis Reports No. 28. Macro International. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fa28-further-analysis.cfm
Preston, S., Heuveline, P., & Guillot, M. (2000). Demography: Measuring and modeling population processes. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Rahmadewi, R., & Asih, L. (2011). Tingkat fertilitas di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Yogyakarta. Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 6(3), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v6i3.102
Rahman, M. M. (2019). Role of proximate determinants in recent and past fertility stalls in Bangladesh. Biodemography and Social Biology, 65(2), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2019.1683713
Ritonga, R. (2015, February 24-25). Kebutuhan data ketenagakerjaan untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan [Paper presentation]. The Economic and Social Council 2015 Integration Segment - "Achieving sustainable development through employment creation and decent work for all": Indonesia country-level consultation, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Rodliyah, S., Purwasito, A., Sudardi, B., & Abdullah, W. (2016). Belis and the perspective of dignified women in the marital system of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) people. Jurnal of Education and Social Science, 5(2). https://www.jesoc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/KC5_11.pdf
Rutaremwa, G., Galande, J., Nviiri, H. L., Akiror, E., & Jhamba, T. (2015). The contribution of contraception, marriage and postpartum insusceptibility to fertility levels in Uganda: An application of the aggregate fertility model. Fertility Research and Practice, 1(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-015-0009-y
Seiff, A. (2014). Indonesia to revive national family planning programme. The Lancet, 383(9918), 683. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60244-0
Setiawan, B. (2005). Barriers to male participation in family planning in West Timor. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 19(4), 55-74. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15644278/19/4/7
Sibanda, A., Woubalem, Z., Hogan, D. P., & Lindstrom, D. P. (2003). The proximate determinants of the decline to below‐replacement fertility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Studies in Family Planning, 34(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00001.x
Statistics Indonesia. (1984). Fertility and mortality estimates based on 1971 and 1980 Population Censuses.
Statistics Indonesia. (2018). Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2018. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2018/07/03/5a963c1ea9b0fed6497d0845/statistik-indonesia-2018.html
Statistics Indonesia, BKKBN, & IRD. (1989). Indonesia National Contraceptive Prevalence Survey 1987. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr19-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=235995_1
Statistics Indonesia, BKKBN, Kementerian Kesehatan (Kemenkes—MOH), & ICF International. (2013). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr275-dhs-final-reports.cfm
Statistics Indonesia, BKKBN, Ministry of Health, & Macro Intemational Inc. (1992). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 1991. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr18-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=235995_1
Statistics Indonesia, BKKBN, Ministry of Health, & Macro Intemational Inc. (1995). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 1994. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr63-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=235995_1
Statistics Indonesia, BKKBN, Ministry of Health, & Macro Intemational Inc. (1998). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 1997. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr95-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=235995_1
Statistics Indonesia, & Macro International. (2008). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2007. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr218-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=235995_1
Statistics Indonesia, & ORC Macro. (2003). Indonesia demographic and health survey 2002–2003. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr147-dhs-final-reports.cfm?cssearch=235995_1
Statistics of NTT Province. (2017). East Nusa Tenggara Province in Figures 2017. https://ntt.bps.go.id/publication/2017/08/11/d2bad335b43219f7f2983f31/provinsi-nusa-tenggara-timur-dalam-angka-2017.html
Tey, N. P., Ng, S. T., & Yew, S. Y. (2012). Proximate determinants of fertility in Peninsular Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 24(3), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511401374
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2014). World Fertility Report 2013: Fertility at the extremes. United Nations Publications. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/fertility/worldFertilityReport2013.pdf
Weeks, J. R. (2008). Population: An introduction to concepts and issues (10th ed.). Wadsworth.
Wonga, I. (2017, July 7). Mahalnya Mahar Nikah di NTT, Mulai dari Gading hingga Uang Puluhan Juta. Pos Kupang. https://kupang.tribunnews.com/2017/07/07/mahalnya-mahar-nikah-di-ntt-mulai-dari-gading-hingga-uang-puluhan-juta
Zhao, E. Z., & Hayes, A. C. (Eds.). (2018). Routledge Handbook of Asian Demography. Routledge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v15i2.504
Copyright (c) 2020 Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Widya Graha Building, 7th and 10th floors
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta Selatan, Telp (021) 5221687
Website: http:/kependudukan.lipi.go.id;
E-Journal: http://ejurnal.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
Pustaka: http://pustaka.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------