ENVIRONMENTAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CORRELATES OF ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAPUA AND WEST PAPUA PROVINCES

Sri Irianti, Puguh Prasetyoputra

Abstract


Papua and West Papua provinces are two of many lagging provinces in Indonesia in terms of access to adequate sanitation. Hence, this paper aims to reveal determinants of access to improved sanitation by investigating the environmental, demographic, and socio-economic correlation in both provinces. Data from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) were used to determine the demographic and socio-economic correlates of households access to improved sanitation facilities. Probit regression models were fitted to the data. The results suggest that district, place or residence, type and location of household water source, household size, age of household head, education of household head, and household wealth have significant correlation with access to improved sanitation. These corroborate previous findings and more importantly, it can be used to inform policy makers in Indonesia especially in Papua and West Papua Provinces. 

Keywords


Basic sanitation, MICS, probit regression, marginal effect, inequality

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adams, E. A., Boateng, G. O., & Amoyaw, J. A.(2015). Socioeconomic and Demographic Predictors of Potable Water and Sanitation Access in Ghana. Social Indicators Research, 1-15. crossref

Bain, R., Cronk, R., Hossain, R., Bonjour, S., Onda, K., Wright, J., . . . Bartram, J.(2014). Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 917927. crossref

Blakely, T., Hales, S., Kieft, C., Wilson, N., & Woodward, A.(2005). The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(2), 118-126. crossref

Booth, A. (2004). Africa in Asia? the development challenges facing Eastern Indonesia and East Timor. Oxford Development Studies, 32(1), 19-35. crossref

Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K.(2005). Microeconometrics: methods and applications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Chatterjee, S., & Hadi, A. S.(2012). Regression Analysis By Example (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Dong, Y., & Peng, C.-Y. J. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 222. crossref

Francisco, J. P. S. (2014). Why households buy bottled water: a survey of household perceptions in the Philippines. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(1), 98-103. crossref

Freeman, M. C., Stocks, M. E., Cumming, O., Jeandron, A., Higgins, J. P. T., Wolf, J., . . . Curtis, V.(2014). Systematic review: Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 906-916. crossref

Fuller, J. A., Clasen, T., Heijnen, M., & Eisenberg, J. N. S.(2014). Shared Sanitation and the Prevalence of Diarrhea in Young Children: Evidence from 51 Countries, 20012011. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91(1), 173-180. crossref

Fuller, J. A., Westphal, J. A., Kenney, B., & Eisenberg, J. N. S.(2015). The joint effects of water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease: a multicountry analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 20(3), 284-292. crossref

Ghosh, A., & Cairncross, S.(2014). The uneven progress of sanitation in India Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 4(1), 15-22. crossref

Gleick, P. H.(1998). The human right to water. Water Policy, 1(5), 487-503. crossref

Government of Indonesia. (2014). Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 185 of 2014 on the Acceleration of Drinking-Water and Sanitation Supply. Jakarta: Government of Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia Retrieved from http://stbm-indonesia.org/files/PERPRES%20Nomor%20185%20Tahun%202014.pdf.

Gross, E., & Gther, I.(2014). Why do households invest in sanitation in rural Benin: Health, wealth, or prestige?Water Resources Research, 50(10), 8314-8329. crossref

Gujarati, D. N.(2004). Basic Econometrics (4th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Haryanto, B., & Sutomo, S. (2012). Improving access to adequate water and basic sanitation services in Indonesia. 27(4), 159-162. crossref

Heijnen, M., Cumming, O., Peletz, R., Chan, G. K.-S., Brown, J., Baker, K., & Clasen, T.(2014). Shared Sanitation versus Individual Household Latrines: A Systematic Review of Health Outcomes. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e93300. crossref

Hill, H., Resosudarmo, B. P., & Vidyattama, Y.(2008). Indonesia's changing economic geography. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 44(3), 407-435.

">crossref

Hill, R. C., Griffiths, W. E., & Lim, G. C.(2011). Principles of Econometrics (4th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Howard, G., & Bartram, J.(2003). Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/wsh0302/en/index.html.

Howe, L. D., Galobardes, B., Matijasevich, A., Gordon, D., Johnston, D., Onwujekwe, O., Hargreaves, J. R. (2012). Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low- and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(3), 871-886. crossref

Hunter, P. R., MacDonald, A. M., & Carter, R. C.(2010). Water Supply and Health. PLoS Med, 7(11), e1000361. crossref

Irianti, S., Saputro, F. E., Sasimartoyo, T. P., Prasetyoputra, P., & Kurniasih, E.(2014). A Review of Access, Safety, and Use of Drinking-Water from Various Sources in Indonesia. Jakarta: National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia.

Jenkins, M. W., & Cairncross, S.(2010). Modelling latrine diffusion in Benin: towards a community typology of demand for improved sanitation in developing countries. Journal of Water and Health, 8(1), 166-183. crossref

Jenkins, M. W., & Scott, B. (2007). Behavioral indicators of household decision-making and demand for sanitation and potential gains from social marketing in Ghana. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 24272442. crossref

Kirigia, J. M., & Kainyu, L. (2000). Predictors of toilet ownership in South Africa. East African Medical Journal, 77(12), 667-672. crossref

Kolenikov, S., & Angeles, G. (2004). The use of discrete data in PCA: Theory, simulations, and applications to socioeconomic indices. Carolina Population Center Working Paper No. 04-85. Retrieved from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/wp-04-85/at_download/document

Kolenikov, S., & Angeles, G. (2009). Socioeconomic status measurement with discrete proxy variables: is principal component analysis a reliable answer? Review of Income and Wealth, 55(1), 128-165. crossref

Kreuter, F., & Valliant, R.(2007). A survey on survey statistics: What is done and can be done in Stata. Stata Journal, 7(1), 1-21.

Long, J. S., & Freese, J.(2014). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables using Stata (3rd ed.). College Station, Texas: Stata Press.

Mara, D., Lane, J., Scott, B., & Trouba, D. (2010). Sanitation and Health. PLoS Med, 7(11), e1000363. crossref

Mazeau, A., Reed, B., Sansom, K., & Scott, R. (2014). Emerging categories of urban shared sanitation. Water and Environment Journal, 28(4), 592-608. crossref

National Research Council. (2003). Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

?

NIHRD. (2013). Baseline Health Research Report, 2013 [Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013]. Jakarta: National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health Indonesia (MoH), Republic of Indonesia.

Oakes, J. M., & Kaufman, J. S. (Eds.). (2006). Methods in Social Epidemiology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Patunru, A. A. (2015). Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation in Indonesia. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 2(2), 234-244. crossref

Prasetyoputra, P., & Irianti, S.(2013). Access to improved sanitation facilities in Indonesia: An econometric analysis of geographical and socioeconomic disparities. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 8(3), 215-224. Retrieved from http://www.trisanita.org/jases/v08n3y2013.html

Prs-Ust, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., .. Cairncross, S. (2014). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(8), 894-905. crossref

Pullan, R. L., Freeman, M. C., Gething, P. W., & Brooker, S. J. (2014). Geographical Inequalities in Use of Improved Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation across Sub-Saharan Africa: Mapping and Spatial Analysis of Cross-sectional Survey Data. PLoS Med, 11(4), e1001626. crossref

Rheingans, R., Anderson, J. D., Luyendijk, R., & Cumming, O.(2014). Measuring disparities in sanitation access: does the measure matter? Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(1), 2-13. crossref

Royston, P. (2004). Multiple imputation of missing values. Stata Journal, 4(3), 227-241. Retrieved from http://www.stata-journal.com/article.html?article=st0067

Rufener, S., Msezahl, D., Mosler, H.-J., & Weingartner, R. (2010). Quality of drinking-water at source and point-of-consumption-drinking cup as a high potential recontamination risk: A field study in Bolivia. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 28(1), 34-41.

Sainani, K. L.(2011). Understanding odds ratios. PM&R, 3(3), 263-267. crossref

StataCorp. (2013). Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

Statistics Indonesia. (2013a). The Selected Districts of Papua Province Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Final Report. Jakarta, Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia - Badan Pusat Statistik Retrieved from http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS4_Indonesia_Selected_Districts_of_Papua_Province_Final_Report_2011.pdf.

Statistics Indonesia. (2013b). The Selected Districts of West Papua Province Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Final Report. Jakarta, Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia - Badan Pusat Statistik Retrieved from http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS4_Indonesia_Selected_Districts_of_West_Papua_Province_Final_Report_2011.pdf.

Statistics Indonesia. (2014). Indonesia - Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2011. Jakarta: Statistics Indonesia - Badan Pusat Statistik, Republic of Indonesia Retrieved from http://microdata.bps.go.id/mikrodata/index.php/catalog/172/related_materials.

The Lancet. (2014). Water and sanitation: addressing inequalities. [Editorial]. The Lancet, 383(9926), 1359. crossref

Tiwari, R., & Nayak, S.(2013). Drinking water and sanitation in Uttar Pradesh: A regional analysis. Journal of Rural Development, 32(1), 61-74.

United Nations. (2010). United Nations General Assembly: Resolution 64/292. New York: United Nations Retrieved from http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/English_Documents/A-Res-64-292.pdf.

Vyas, S., & Kumaranayake, L. (2006). Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 21(6), 459-468. crossref

WHO/UNICEF JMP. (2006). Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation for Household Surveys. Geneva: World Health Organization Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/oms_brochure_core_questionsfinal24608.pdf.

WHO/UNICEF JMP. (2008). Progress on drinking water and sanitation: Special focus on sanitation. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Joint_Monitoring_Report_-_17_July_2008.pdf.

WHO/UNICEF JMP. (2014). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2014 Update. Retrieved from http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/jmp.2014_eng.pdf

Wright, J., & Gundry, S. W. (2009). Household characteristics associated with home water treatment: an analysis of the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey. Journal of Water and Health, 7(1), 21-29. crossref




DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v10i1.52

Copyright (c) 2015 Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Widya Graha Building, 7th and 10th floors
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta Selatan, Telp (021) 5221687
Website: http:/kependudukan.lipi.go.id;
E-Journal: http://ejurnal.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
Pustaka: http://pustaka.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------