PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA (TKI) PEREMPUAN UNTUK BEKERJA DI LUAR NEGERI: KASUS KABUPATEN CILACAP

Aswatini Raharto

Abstract


In the past, women migrants are considered as passive migrants following their parents or husbands. However, the increasing number of Indonesian women migrating to work abroad, even outnumbering men, suggests the importance of understanding the reasons underlined their movements. This article examines the decision-making process of working abroad among the returned Indonesian women migrants. A quantitative approach was used to analyze secondary data from several government institutions. Also, the qualitative approach was utilized to understand the migration decision-making process. The study was conducted in Cilacap District, one of the major labor migrant sending districts in Indonesia. The result showed that women have no other choice than working abroad, mainly due to the economic reason. Moreover, the initiative to work abroad commonly comes from the women themselves, while other family members, especially father and husband, only give their consent. It can be said that women are more autonomous and self-assured when deciding to work abroad. 


Keywords


labour migration; women; Cilacap; decision making

Full Text:

PDF

References


Al-Tarawneh, H. A. (2012). The main factors beyond decision making. Journal of Management Research, 4(1:E18), 1-23. crossref

Asian Development Bank. (2006). Workers’ remittance flows in Southeast Asia. The Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

Asis, M. M. B. (2005). Recent trends in international migration in Asia and the Pacific. Asia Pacific Population Journal, 20(3), 15-38.

Aswatini. (2002). Indonesian female labour migrants: Experiences working overseas (A case study among returned migrants in West Java). Journal of Population, 8(1), 40-63.

________. (2006). Migrasi tenaga kerja internasional di Indonesia: Pengalaman masa lalu, tantangan masa depan. Dalam A. B. Lapian (Ed.), Sejarah dan dialog peradaban: Persembahan 70 tahun Prof. Dr. Taufik Abdullah. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

________. (2011). Migrasi tenaga kerja Indonesia dalam pasar kerja global (Orasi pengukuhan profesor riset). Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jakarta

Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia [BNP2TKI]. (2015). Penempatan dan perlindungan tenaga kerja Indonesia tahun 2013 [Data].

Badan Pusat Statistik [BPS]. (tanpa tahun). Jumlah TKI menurut kawasan/negara penempatan dan jenis kelamin 2013-2015 [Data]. Diakses dari https://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/print/id/1808

BPS Kabupaten Cilacap. (2016). Kabupaten Cilacap dalam angka 2016. Cilacap: BPS Kabupaten Cilacap.

Bodvarsson, O. O., & Van den Berg, H. (2013). The economics of immigration: Theory and policy, crossref

Boyd, M., & Grieco, E. (2003, 1 Maret). Women and migration: Incorporating gender into international migration theory. Diakses dari http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/women-and-migration-incorporating-gender-international-migration-theory

Breman, J. (1997). Menjinakkan sang kuli: Politik kolonial pada awal abad Ke-20. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti.

Brettell, C. B., & Hollifield, J. F. (2000). Introduction. Dalam C. B. Brettell & J. F. Hollifield (Ed.), Migration theory: Talking across disciplines (hal. 1-26). New York: Routledge.

Dinas Sosial Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi [Dinsosnakertrans] Kabupaten Cilacap. (2016). Data remitansi/pengiriman uang TKI dari luar negeri tahun 2010-2016 [Data].

________. (2016). Jumlah, jenis kelamin dan negara tujuan TKI migran dari Kabupaten Cilacap tahun 2016 [Data].

Fawcett, J. T., & De Jong, G. F. (1981). Reasons for moving and migration behaviour. Dalam National migration surveys X: Guidelines for analysis (hal. 109-131). Bangkok: UN-ESCAP.

Hosen, M. N., & Raharto, A. (2013). Indonesian domestic workers overseas: Their position and protection in the global labour market. Dalam D. Hoerder & A. Kaur (Ed.), Proletarian and gendered mass migrations: A global perspective on continuities and discontinuities from the 19th to the 21st centuries (hal. 385-404). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. crossref

Hugo, G. (1992). Women on the move: Changing patterns of population movement of women in Indonesia. Dalam S.

Chant (Ed.), Gender and migration in developing countries (hal. 174-196). London and New York: Belhaven Press.

________. (1995). Labour export from Indonesia: An overview. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 12(2), 275-298.

________. (2002). Women’s international labour migration. Dalam K. Robinson & S. Bessell (Ed.), Women in Indonesia: Gender, equity and development (hal. 158-178). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

________. (2004). International migration in Southeast Asia since World War II. Dalam A. Ananta & E. N. Arifin (Ed.), International migration in Southeast Asia (hal. 28-70). Singapore: ISEAS Publication.

International Labour Organization [ILO]. (2015). Labour and social trends in Indonesia 2014-2015: Strenghtening competitiveness and productivity through decent work. Jakarta: ILO Country Office for Jakarta.

International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2010). Migrasi tenaga kerja dari Indonesia: Gambaran umum migrasi tenaga kerja Indonesia di beberapa negara tujuan di Asia dan Timur Tengah. Jakarta: IOM Indonesia

Jabes, J. (1982). Individual decision making. Dalam A. G. McGrew & M.J. Wilson (Ed.), Decision making approaches and analysis (hal. 53-59). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Kaur, A. (2013). Shifting geographies of migration in Southeast Asia: Continuity and change in proletarian and gendered migration, dalam D. Hoerder & A. Kaur (Ed.), Proletarian and gendered mass migrations: A global perspective on continuities and discontinuities from the 19th to the 21st centuries (hal. 317-364). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. crossref

Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19, 431-466. crossref

McGrew, A. G., & Wilson, M. J. (1982). Introduction. Dalam A. G. McGrew & M. J. Wilson (Ed.) Decision making approaches and analysis (hal. 1-12). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Ooi, K. G. (2013). From Amah-chieh to Indonesian maids: A comparative study in the context of Malaysia circa 1939s-1990s. Dalam D. Hoerder & A. Kaur (Ed.), Proletarian and gendered mass migrations: A global perspective on continuities and discontinuities from the 19th to the 21st Centuries (hal. 405-426). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.

Palmer, W. (2016). Indonesia’s overseas labour migration programme, 1969-2010. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. crossref

Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan dan Informasi BNP2TKI. (2015). Data penempatan dan perlindungan tenaga kerja Indonesia tahun 2014 (Periode 1 Januari - 31 Desember) [Data].

________. (2016a). Data penempatan dan perlindungan TKI periode November tahun 2016 [Data].

________. (2016b). Data penempatan dan perlindungan tenaga kerja Indonesia tahun 2015 [Data].

Raharto, A. (2007). Indonesian labor migration: Issues and challenges. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 9(2), 219-235.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v12i1.275

Copyright (c) 2017 Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Widya Graha Building, 7th and 10th floors
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta Selatan, Telp (021) 5221687
Website: http:/kependudukan.lipi.go.id;
E-Journal: http://ejurnal.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
Pustaka: http://pustaka.kependudukan.lipi.go.id
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------